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Types of
Statistics
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Descriptive
Statistics
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Inferential
Statistics
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Descriptive
statistics that branch of statistics which deals with concepts and methods
concerned with summarization and description of the important aspects of
numerical data.
This
area of study consists of the condensation of data, their graphical display
and computation of the few numerical quantities that provides information
about the centre spread of the observations.
Examples:
1.A Statistician
records Population growth of Punjab.
2.Pakistan Railway
issue figures about the number of accidents and the number of deaths for the
year 1990-91.
3.A Statistician
reports the number students appeared in an examination and the number of
students passed.
4.A business man
makes use of descriptive statistics to present their annual account and
reports.
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Inferential
statistics deals with procedure for making inferences about the
characteristic of the knowledge drive from only a part of the data (known as
a sample) this area (branch, types) includes the estimation of Population
Parameters and testing of Statistical hypothesis. This branch of statistics
is based on Probability theory because the inference cannot be absolutely
certain.
Examples:
1. A Statistician
wants to study the relationship between the cigarette smoking and the heart
diseases.
2. A statistician
studies whether an increase in traffic density, increase the accident rate.
3. A statistician
wants to study the utility of coaching on the success of the students in CSS
Examination.
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Monday 24 October 2016
MEANING OF STATISTICS(PLURAL SENSE, TECHNICAL SENSE)
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2.
Plural
sense. (Narrow sense / Statistical data)
In
its plural sense the word “statistics” means numerical facts collected in any
field of study by using a statistical method.
In
other words, “Statistics” means the numerical statement of facts which are
systematically collected with some definite purpose. These facts are based
upon observations, experiments or measurements. e.g. simple figures such as
5,10,15,20,25,30 do not show any statistics , but 5,10,15,20,25,30 marks obtained by six
students in an examination out of the total 50 marks from a statistics.
Some
definition of Statistics as statistical data are ;
i)
The
word statistics used in the plural refer to a collection of numerical facts.
ii)
By
statistics we mean quantitative data affected to a marked extent by
multiplicity of cause.
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3.
Technical
sense (Plural of statistics)
Thirdly the word Statistics ins
used as the Plural of the word Statistic, which means a numerical value,
calculated from few sample observations (sample data)
It means any numerical value
which calculated from sample data. It is called statistic. e.g.
Example:
If we select 10 students at
random from a class of 100 and measure their height and find the average
height, then this average height will be statistic.
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MEANING OF STATISTICS IN THE PRESENT TIME (SINGULAR SENSE)
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Statistics
in the Present Time:
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In present age, the
statistics is regarded as the most important tool to makes certain decisions.
There is hardly any field of activity, where statistics is not applied.
Statistics helps us to from suitable policies and use than the other fields.
Thus the increasing demand and decreasing cost of statistical give way to the
growth of statistics.
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Meaning of
Statistics
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Today
statistics is the scientific study of handling quantitative information. It
embodies-methodology of collection, classification, description, analyzing
and interpretation of numerical data obtain through the experiment. So, Now a
day the word “Statistics” is used in three different senses.
1.
Singular
sense. (Statistical Method)
2.
Plural
sense. (Narrow sense / Statistical data)
3.
Technical
sense (Plural of statistics)
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1.
Singular
sense. (Statistical Method)
In
its singular sense, the word “Statistics” means the science of statistics
which deals with statistical methods. In other words, statistics is a science
in which we study as to how a numerical data is
a)
Collected.
b)
Presented.
c)
Interpreted.
Here different statistical
methods are applied before drawing any results.
i)
Sampling.
ii)
Classification.
iii)
Measurement
of averages.
iv)
Measurement
of variability.
v)
Index
number.
This
definition is clear and concise. The data are collected to study a particular
problem. The collected data in mass may be converted in the form of diagrams,
graphs etc. according to this definition, there are four stages.
i)
Collection
of data.
ii)
Presentation
of data.
iii)
Analysis
of data.
iv)
Interpretation
of data.
Collection
of data:
The
first step of an investigation is the collection of data. Careful collection
is needed, because further analysis is based on this.
Presentation
of data:
The
collected data are to be presented in tabular or diagrammatic or graphic
form. The data presented in a systematic order will facilitate further
analysis.
Analysis
of data:
After
the presentation of data, the next step is to analyses the presented data.
Analysis includes condensation, summarization, conclusion etc. through the
means of measures of central tendencies, dispersion, skewness, kurtosis,
correlation, regression.
Interpret
the data:
Figures
do not speak for themselves. The duty of the statistician is not complete
with more collection and analysis of data. But valid conclusions must be
drawn on the basis of the analysis. A high degree of skill and experience is
necessary for the interpretation.
Correct
interpretation leads valid conclusion.
Seligman’s
defines, “Statistic is the science which deals with the methods of
collecting, classifying presenting, composing and interpreting numerical data
collected to throw light on any sphere of enquiry.”
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INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS (HISTORY OF THE WORD STATISTICS)
Introduction to Statistics
The Latin
(Status)
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The Italian
(Stistista)
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The German
(Statistic)
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The English
(Statistics)
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POLITICAL
STATE
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History of the
word STATISTICS
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1.The word “STATISTICS” which comes from the Latin word
“Status” or the Italian word “Statista” or the German word
“Statistik” these words mean “a Political State”.
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1۔ شماریات لاطینی لفظ
سٹیٹس (status) یا طالوی لفظ سٹیسٹا (statista) یا جرمن لفظ سیسٹک (statistic)
سے اخذ کیا گیا ہے۔
معلوم ہو تا ہے مندرجہ بالا الفاظ کا اپنی زبان میں مطلب "سیاسی
ریاست" ہے۔
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2.The word statist is found in Shakespeare’s Hamlet
(1602) , Act 5, Section 2 and Milton’s Paradise Regained (1671), which is
used in the sense of a person who is well – versed in state matters, helping
high state officers and framing Governments Policies.
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2۔ سٹیٹسٹ کا لفظ شکسپیئر کے ڈرامے
ہملٹ hamlet اور ملٹن کی فردوس باز گشت paradise regained میں ایسے شخص کے لیے استعمال کئے گئے ہیں جو
امور مملکت میں مہارت رکھتا ہے یوں وہ ملکی معاملات اور حکومت کی پالیسیوں کی
تشکیل کرتا تھا۔
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3.W.Hooper in 1770 used the word “Statistics” in his
translation of “Elements of Universal “Erudition” a well known book of the
ancient times which was written by Baron B.F.Bielfeld. One of its chapter is
entitled “Statistics” and contains the definition of the subject as, “the
science that teaches us what is political arrangement of all the modern stats
of known word.”
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3۔
شماریات کا لفظ سب سے پہلے بی ایف وان بیلفلڈ کی مشہور کتاب "ایلمنٹس کف یو نیورسل ایرو
ڈیشن elements
of universal erudition میں استعمال کیا گیا ۔ اس کتاب میں شماریات سے
مراد ایسا علم ہے جو ہمیں تمام دنیا کی معلوم شدہ ریاستوں کے سیاسی نظم و نسق
سکھاتا ہے "
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4.Also use this word “Statistics” the German
professor Gottfried Archen wall in 1749, which mean political science”.
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4۔
اسی طرح 1749 میں جرمن پروفیسر گوٹ فرائڈ آرچن وال نے "سیاسی ریاست"
کیلئے استعمال کیا تھا۔
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5.Mr.E.A.W.Zimmermann, a professor of Natural
Philosophy, in 1787 at Brunswick defines the word “Statistics” in the preface
to his book, “A political survey of the present state of Europe as that
branch of political knowledge, which has for its object the actual and
relative power arising from their natural advantages, the industry and
civilization of their inhabitants and the wisdom of their Government”.
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5۔
ضمیر مان جو طبعی فلسفے کے پروفیسر تھے انہوں نے 1787 میں لفظ statistics کی تعریف اپنی کتاب "پولیٹیکل سروے آف
پریذینٹ سٹیٹ آف یورپ کی موجودو ریاست کا سیاسی جائزہ میں مندرجہ زیل طریقے سے
کی۔۔ سیاسی علم کا وہ شعبہ جس کا مقصد مختلف جدید
ریاستوں کی حقیقی طاقت (قدرتی وسائل ، صنعت و حرفت ، تیذیبو تمدن اور حکومت کے
اصول ) معلوم کرنا ہے"
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6.During the 18th century the word
“Statistics” become more and more popular and began to be used the sense of
numerical statements relating to state the Royal statistical society was
founded in England in 1834.
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6۔
اٹھارویں صدی کے دوران شماریات کا لفظ عام ہو گیا اور اسے حکومت کے ایسے بیانات
کے لئے استعمال کیا جانے لگا جو اعداد شمار سے متعلقہ تھے۔ 1834 میں رائل
سٹیٹسٹیکل سوسائٹی انگلینڈ میں قائم ہو ئی۔
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7.During the 19th century the growth of
official data was continuous and numerical statements accordingly began more
and more to displace the verbal descriptions of early days.
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7انیسوی صدی عیسوی میں شماریات اپنے مفہوم کی
بجائے ایک نئے مفہوم کے ساتھ ابھری اور یہ سائنس بادشاہوں کی سائنس کی بجائے
اعدادو شمار کی سائنس کہلانے لگی۔
|
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS (HISTORY OF THE WORD STATISTICS)
Introduction to Statistics
The Latin
(Status)
|
The Italian
(Stistista)
|
The German
(Statistic)
|
The English
(Statistics)
|
POLITICAL
STATE
|
|||
History of the
word STATISTICS
|
|
1.The word “STATISTICS” which comes from the Latin word
“Status” or the Italian word “Statista” or the German word
“Statistik” these words mean “a Political State”.
|
1۔ شماریات لاطینی لفظ
سٹیٹس (status) یا طالوی لفظ سٹیسٹا (statista) یا جرمن لفظ سیسٹک (statistic)
سے اخذ کیا گیا ہے۔
معلوم ہو تا ہے مندرجہ بالا الفاظ کا اپنی زبان میں مطلب "سیاسی
ریاست" ہے۔
|
2.The word statist is found in Shakespeare’s Hamlet
(1602) , Act 5, Section 2 and Milton’s Paradise Regained (1671), which is
used in the sense of a person who is well – versed in state matters, helping
high state officers and framing Governments Policies.
|
2۔ سٹیٹسٹ کا لفظ شکسپیئر کے ڈرامے
ہملٹ hamlet اور ملٹن کی فردوس باز گشت paradise regained میں ایسے شخص کے لیے استعمال کئے گئے ہیں جو
امور مملکت میں مہارت رکھتا ہے یوں وہ ملکی معاملات اور حکومت کی پالیسیوں کی
تشکیل کرتا تھا۔
|
3.W.Hooper in 1770 used the word “Statistics” in his
translation of “Elements of Universal “Erudition” a well known book of the
ancient times which was written by Baron B.F.Bielfeld. One of its chapter is
entitled “Statistics” and contains the definition of the subject as, “the
science that teaches us what is political arrangement of all the modern stats
of known word.”
|
3۔
شماریات کا لفظ سب سے پہلے بی ایف وان بیلفلڈ کی مشہور کتاب "ایلمنٹس کف یو نیورسل ایرو
ڈیشن elements
of universal erudition میں استعمال کیا گیا ۔ اس کتاب میں شماریات سے
مراد ایسا علم ہے جو ہمیں تمام دنیا کی معلوم شدہ ریاستوں کے سیاسی نظم و نسق
سکھاتا ہے "
|
4.Also use this word “Statistics” the German
professor Gottfried Archen wall in 1749, which mean political science”.
|
4۔
اسی طرح 1749 میں جرمن پروفیسر گوٹ فرائڈ آرچن وال نے "سیاسی ریاست"
کیلئے استعمال کیا تھا۔
|
5.Mr.E.A.W.Zimmermann, a professor of Natural
Philosophy, in 1787 at Brunswick defines the word “Statistics” in the preface
to his book, “A political survey of the present state of Europe as that
branch of political knowledge, which has for its object the actual and
relative power arising from their natural advantages, the industry and
civilization of their inhabitants and the wisdom of their Government”.
|
5۔
ضمیر مان جو طبعی فلسفے کے پروفیسر تھے انہوں نے 1787 میں لفظ statistics کی تعریف اپنی کتاب "پولیٹیکل سروے آف
پریذینٹ سٹیٹ آف یورپ کی موجودو ریاست کا سیاسی جائزہ میں مندرجہ زیل طریقے سے
کی۔۔ سیاسی علم کا وہ شعبہ جس کا مقصد مختلف جدید
ریاستوں کی حقیقی طاقت (قدرتی وسائل ، صنعت و حرفت ، تیذیبو تمدن اور حکومت کے
اصول ) معلوم کرنا ہے"
|
6.During the 18th century the word
“Statistics” become more and more popular and began to be used the sense of
numerical statements relating to state the Royal statistical society was
founded in England in 1834.
|
6۔
اٹھارویں صدی کے دوران شماریات کا لفظ عام ہو گیا اور اسے حکومت کے ایسے بیانات
کے لئے استعمال کیا جانے لگا جو اعداد شمار سے متعلقہ تھے۔ 1834 میں رائل
سٹیٹسٹیکل سوسائٹی انگلینڈ میں قائم ہو ئی۔
|
7.During the 19th century the growth of
official data was continuous and numerical statements accordingly began more
and more to displace the verbal descriptions of early days.
|
7انیسوی صدی عیسوی میں شماریات اپنے مفہوم کی
بجائے ایک نئے مفہوم کے ساتھ ابھری اور یہ سائنس بادشاہوں کی سائنس کی بجائے
اعدادو شمار کی سائنس کہلانے لگی۔
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